Self determination ap human geography - Self-determination the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will ex: the populations of federal units of the Yugoslav federation were considered a people in the breakup of Yugoslavia, even though some of those units had very diverse populations.

 
The Holocaust. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were based on a major idea—the principle of self-determination, under which nationalities would have their own states. The members of a nationality or ethnic group share a cultural heritage, often associated with the place of its members’ birth or descent. With the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian .... Redfin what

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines Question 1: No stimulus In most countries, the concept of the state as a political unit is subject to the tensions between centrifugal and centripetal forces. Governments are often challenged by the devolutionary factors that challenge state sovereignty. (A) Define the concept of the multinational state. A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country. -States of former Soviet Union Self-determinationa geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective. City-State. a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside. Colonialism. attempt by one country to establish ...A1. Fall of, end, or breakup of the Soviet Union A2. Fall of or end of communism in Europe *Do not accept fall of or end of communism in the world or globally. A3. End of the Cold War A4. Fall of the Berlin Wall or Iron Curtain; reunification of Germany A5. Fall of, end of, or breakup of Yugoslavia A6. Break-up of Czechoslovakia A7. The ways in which cultural groups make decisions, settle conflicts, and govern themselves. Territory. An area which is under the control of another state or government and does not have sovereignty. State. A country or an organized political organization and has sovereignty. Sovereignty. Supreme power or authority.process by which a state breaks down because of conflicts among its ethnicities. Border Landscape. There are two types: Exclusionary and Inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement. Examples: Exclusionary- US-Mexico border. Inclusionary- US-Canada border.Neoliberalism is a policy model of social studies and economics that transfers control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It takes from the basic principles of ...AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review quiz for 10th grade students. ... a country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination. Multi-Ethnic ...a term associated with the work of Sacks and Andes that describes the efforts of human societies to influence events and achieve social goals by exerting, and attempting to enforce, control over specific geographical areas. landlocked. an interior country or state that is surrounded by land. micro-state.Political Geography - AP Human Geography, Chapter 8, Rubenstein. A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types. A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than of the people. A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.May 27, 2019 · Self-determination theory is a psychological framework for understanding human motivation. It was developed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci and grew out of research on intrinsic motivation, or the internal desire to do something for its own sake, not for an external reward. Self-determination theory states that people are driven ... 5. 3 Caucasus States: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Describe the composition and distributions of ethnicities in Russia. Russia comprises 81% ethnic Russians, and the government recognizes 38 ethnic groups among the remaining 19%. The ethnicities are clustered in two principle locations. What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control.Anthropographic boundaries. geographic boundaries created by human features distributed across land, like language or religion. Geometric boundaries. straight lines that serve as political boundaries. Defining boundaries (step 1) A legal document (like a treaty) where specific boundaries points are described. What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control. 1. fear that other ethnicities would also declare independence from Russia if Russia loses to Chechnya. 2. Chechnya is resource rich, has many deposits of petroleum. Political stability is key to economic prosperity and investment by foreign petroleum companies. What's the main problem in the Caucasus region?Self-Determination. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Sharecropper. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Test Review. 35 terms. naj_johnson.Introduction / Definition. At its most basic, the principle of self-determination can be defined as a community's right to choose its political destiny. This can include choices regarding the exercise of sovereignty and independent external relations (external self-determination) or it can refer to the selection of forms of government (internal ...Verified answer. accounting. Project 1 requires an original investment of $125,000. The project will yield cash flows of$50,000 per year for 10 years. Project 2 has a calculated net present value of $135,000 over an eight-year life. Project 1 could be sold at the end of eight years for a price of$8,000. (A) Determine the net present value of ...In principle, Americans and American foreign policy support the right to self-determination, which is essentially the right of a group of people to control the political system of the territory in which they live. Indeed, the United States itself was born of a rebellion by separatists living in a marginalized, peripheral region of the British ...Self-Determination. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Sharecropper. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Test Review. 35 terms. naj_johnson.a force that divides people and countries. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.• limited self-determination 2a. Autonomous regions were created to increase local control of ... AP Human Geography Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam ... Overview: Self Determination. Type. Independence. Definition (1) The right of an individual or group to control their own life. Definition (2) The process by which an individual or group control their own life. Definition (3) The power and motivation of an individual or group to control their own life.Terms in this set (41) An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self determination. A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes.More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit....What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control.Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage. Apartheid. Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. A apartheid promoted segregation. Balkanization. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. The Ottoman Empire went through the process of Balkanization. Balkanized. Overview: Self Determination. Type. Independence. Definition (1) The right of an individual or group to control their own life. Definition (2) The process by which an individual or group control their own life. Definition (3) The power and motivation of an individual or group to control their own life.Mar 1, 2022 · Because the multiple-choice section of the AP® Human Geography Exam is term-based and evaluates your understanding of geographic terms, the concept of a stateless nation is fair game in this section. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isn’t particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to ... May 27, 2019 · Self-determination theory is a psychological framework for understanding human motivation. It was developed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci and grew out of research on intrinsic motivation, or the internal desire to do something for its own sake, not for an external reward. Self-determination theory states that people are driven ... More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit....Definition:the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation. Example: United States. Geopolitics. Definition:the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state. Example: border conflicts. Regionalism. Definition:loyalty to the interests of a particular region.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco.Verified answer. economics. A real-world problem faced by policymakers, forecasters, and businesses every day is how to judge the state of the economy. Consider the table below, showing hypothetical measures of real GDP in the coming years, starting at a level of \$ 18.0 $18.0 trillion in 2018 2018 . Year. For AP Human Geography. Term. Definition. Ethnicity. A group who share a common identity. Was used as an alternative to term for race. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. Ethnic Provinces.Definitions for Topics 4.1-4.10. a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. A nationality that is not represented by a state.Definition:the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation. Example: United States. Geopolitics. Definition:the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state. Example: border conflicts. Regionalism. Definition:loyalty to the interests of a particular region.A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country. -States of former Soviet Union Self-determinationa nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Have a sovereignty. Synonym for Country. Ex: Denmark, Japan. Nation. A group of people that has a common ancestry regardless of it controlling a territory; an ethnic concept. Ex: The Jewish nation, Native Americans. City-States.May 11, 2023 · Self-Determination Examples. Autonomy – Ryan and Deci argue that autonomy is a key feature of self-determination. It means that you can make decisions without the permission of others. Connectedness – Self-determined people may be able to make their own decisions, but they also have communities and support networks that can enable them to ... A form of multi-ethnic state, that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Centripetal Force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Nationalism) "directed toward the center". The ways in which cultural groups make decisions, settle conflicts, and govern themselves. Territory. An area which is under the control of another state or government and does not have sovereignty. State. A country or an organized political organization and has sovereignty. Sovereignty. Supreme power or authority.Dependency Theory. States that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). Gross National Product (GNP)2019 G GUIDELINES Question 3 6 points: 1 + 3 + 2 A. Define devolution. (1 point) A1. The breakup of a state A2. The movement of power from a central government to regional governments (or subnational governments) within the state A3. A4. -identified community within it to accommodate separatist pressures A5. Verified answer. finance. Explain the close parallel between a capital lease and the borrow–purchase decision from the viewpoint of both the balance sheet and the income statement. Verified answer. business math. Evaluate the expression. (14-7)^2-3 \cdot 8 (14−7)2 −3⋅8. Verified answer.Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...The study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states/countries. Territoriality. A willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim. People express their territoriality when they influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space. semi-autonomous Region. Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government. Devolution is often used as a way to decentralize decision-making and to give more autonomy to lower levels of government. Devolution can take many forms, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are ...The ways in which cultural groups make decisions, settle conflicts, and govern themselves. Territory. An area which is under the control of another state or government and does not have sovereignty. State. A country or an organized political organization and has sovereignty. Sovereignty. Supreme power or authority.AP Human Geography 2001 Free-Response Questions These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and theirAP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary. 5.0 (11 reviews) Political map. Click the card to flip 👆. A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example ... a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Have a sovereignty. Synonym for Country. Ex: Denmark, Japan. Nation. A group of people that has a common ancestry regardless of it controlling a territory; an ethnic concept. Ex: The Jewish nation, Native Americans. City-States.Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage. a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Have a sovereignty. Synonym for Country. Ex: Denmark, Japan. Nation. A group of people that has a common ancestry regardless of it controlling a territory; an ethnic concept. Ex: The Jewish nation, Native Americans. City-States. Mar 1, 2022 · Step 2: Understand the Exam Format. Another important thing to keep in mind is getting familiar with the structure of the AP® Human Geography exam. In case you do not know the AP® Human Geography format, this study guide breaks it down. The AP® Human Geography exam is broken down into two major parts. Terms in this set (22) Nunavut. an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit. -province in Canada. Primate Cities. A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation (or contains over one-third of a nation's population). The primate city is usually very expressive of the national ... AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary. 5.0 (11 reviews) Political map. Click the card to flip 👆. A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example ... May 11, 2023 · Self-Determination Examples. Autonomy – Ryan and Deci argue that autonomy is a key feature of self-determination. It means that you can make decisions without the permission of others. Connectedness – Self-determined people may be able to make their own decisions, but they also have communities and support networks that can enable them to ... 1. fear that other ethnicities would also declare independence from Russia if Russia loses to Chechnya. 2. Chechnya is resource rich, has many deposits of petroleum. Political stability is key to economic prosperity and investment by foreign petroleum companies. What's the main problem in the Caucasus region?AP Human Geography Chapter 11. 22 terms. Norma_Urrutia9. Other sets by this creator. American Law. 69 terms. Norma_Urrutia9. BIOL101 Mid3. 108 terms. Norma_Urrutia9 ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Geopolitics, Self-Determination, Sovereignty and more. 64 terms · Geopolitics → Study of interplay among geogr…, Self-Determination → One's own government, Sovereignty → A state that has it's own inde…, Theocracy → Government ran by religion, Global Commons → Does ...Dec 5, 2022 · More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit.... Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines Question 1: No stimulus In most countries, the concept of the state as a political unit is subject to the tensions between centrifugal and centripetal forces. Governments are often challenged by the devolutionary factors that challenge state sovereignty. (A) Define the concept of the multinational state.Dependency Theory. States that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). Gross National Product (GNP) a force that divides people and countries. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. For AP Human Geography. Term. Definition. Ethnicity. A group who share a common identity. Was used as an alternative to term for race. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. Ethnic Provinces.Def: A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Ex: The United Kingdom--It contains Irish, Welsh, and British people, yet they all coexist in peace. Term.Terms in this set (28) Define Nation State. State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity. The concept of dividing the world into independent nation-state is ____________________. recent. Define Irredentism. states claimed territory based on cultural, ethnic or historical ties. Define ethnonationalism.Political Geography. A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces emerge in the places that they do and with how the character of those spaces affects social ...Def: A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Ex: The United Kingdom--It contains Irish, Welsh, and British people, yet they all coexist in peace. Term.A1. Fall of, end, or breakup of the Soviet Union A2. Fall of or end of communism in Europe *Do not accept fall of or end of communism in the world or globally. A3. End of the Cold War A4. Fall of the Berlin Wall or Iron Curtain; reunification of Germany A5. Fall of, end of, or breakup of Yugoslavia A6. Break-up of Czechoslovakia A7.AP Human Geography Unit 2 practice test. 4.3 (8 reviews) According to the US Committee for Refugees, the three largest groups of international refugees are. A) Vietnamese, Indian and Indonesian. B) Sudanese, South African and Colombian. C) Ethiopian, Nicaraguan, and Somalian. D) Mexican, Pakistani, and Colombian. E) Palestinian, Iraqi, and Afghan.More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit....Apartheid. Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. A apartheid promoted segregation. Balkanization. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. The Ottoman Empire went through the process of Balkanization. Balkanized.Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines Question 1: No stimulus In most countries, the concept of the state as a political unit is subject to the tensions between centrifugal and centripetal forces. Governments are often challenged by the devolutionary factors that challenge state sovereignty. (A) Define the concept of the multinational state.self-determination. A principle of international law that states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between ...Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...John C. Baran, Jr., Director, AP Instructional Design and PD Resource Development Cheryl Harmon, Senior Director, AP Instructional Design and PD Resource Development Brett Mayhan, Senior Director, AP Human Geography Content Development Dan McDonough, Senior Director, AP Content Integration SPECIAL THANKSDec 17, 2020 · Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te... What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control.AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines Question 1: No stimulus In most countries, the concept of the state as a political unit is subject to the tensions between centrifugal and centripetal forces. Governments are often challenged by the devolutionary factors that challenge state sovereignty. (A) Define the concept of the multinational state.

Self-determination theory is a psychological framework for understanding human motivation. It was developed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci and grew out of research on intrinsic motivation, or the internal desire to do something for its own sake, not for an external reward. Self-determination theory states that people are driven .... Post office near trader joe

self determination ap human geography

World War 1. World War 1 was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918. It was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, and quickly escalated into a full-scale war involving many of the major powers of the time. The main Allied powers in World War 1 were France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, who ...AP Human Geography 2001 Free-Response Questions These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and theirIn principle, Americans and American foreign policy support the right to self-determination, which is essentially the right of a group of people to control the political system of the territory in which they live. Indeed, the United States itself was born of a rebellion by separatists living in a marginalized, peripheral region of the British ... • limited self-determination 2a. Autonomous regions were created to increase local control of ... AP Human Geography Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam ... The right of a people to self-determination [1] is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter 's norms. [2] [3] It states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of ...AP Human Geography: Political Geography Vocab chapter 8 examples. 3.8 (4 reviews) Term. 1 / 58. Antecedent Boundary. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 58. A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially-populated (e.g. border between Malaysia and Indonesia) AP Human Geography Unit 7 Vocabulary. 37 terms. ronit_barman1. Verified questions. question. Managing your checking account is a responsibility. You should write ...Verified answer. business math. Find the base. 4 \% 4% of \underline {\qquad} is 11.2 11.2. Verified answer. business math. Arami's car left three skid marks on the road after she slammed her foot on the brake pedal to make an emergency stop. The police measured them to be 45 feet, 40 feet, and 44 feet.AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review quiz for 10th grade students. ... a country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination. Multi-Ethnic ...Concept 1: Self Determination. Self determination is the process by which an country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. So, the country breaks away from where it was attached to before and governs itself. An example of this concept in a non-geographical idea is in the book, Lord of the Flies, where ...The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco. AP Human Geography Ethnicity Answers Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. It stands as our strongest bulwark for the preservation of local diversity.Fifty independent countries existed in 1920. Today, there are nearly two hundred. One of the motivating forces behind this wave of country-creation was self-determination —the concept that nations (groups of people united by ethnicity, language, geography, history, or other common characteristics) should be able to determine their political ...AP Human Geography Unit 2 practice test. 4.3 (8 reviews) According to the US Committee for Refugees, the three largest groups of international refugees are. A) Vietnamese, Indian and Indonesian. B) Sudanese, South African and Colombian. C) Ethiopian, Nicaraguan, and Somalian. D) Mexican, Pakistani, and Colombian. E) Palestinian, Iraqi, and Afghan.A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people. A condition of roughly equal strengths between opposing countries or alliances of countries. An invisible line than marks the extent of a state's territory. A sovereign state comprises a city and it's immediately surrounding country side. Political Geography - AP Human Geography, Chapter 8, Rubenstein. A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types. A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than of the people. A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.AP Human Geography Test Prep / AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Course / Politics, Nations & Geography Chapter. Political Power & Territoriality Lesson; Transcript Reed Hepler, Nate Sullivan, Lesley ...Introduction / Definition. At its most basic, the principle of self-determination can be defined as a community's right to choose its political destiny. This can include choices regarding the exercise of sovereignty and independent external relations (external self-determination) or it can refer to the selection of forms of government (internal ...AP Human Geography 2001 Free-Response Questions These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and theirIn his Fourteen Points —the essential terms for peace—U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson listed self-determination as an important objective for the postwar world; the result was the fragmentation of the old Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires and Russia’s former Baltic territories into a number of new states. .

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